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Development of Thermally Formed Glass Optics for Astronomical Hard X-ray Telescopes

William W. Craig, Charles J. Hailey, Mario Jimenez-Garate, David L. Windt, Fiona A. Harrison, Peter H. Mao, Finn E. Christensen, and Ahsen M. Hussain

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Abstract

The next major observational advance in hard X-ray/soft gamma-ray astrophysics will come with the implementation of telescopes capable of focusing 10–200 keV radiation. Focusing allows high signal-to-noise imaging and spectroscopic observations of many sources in this band for the first time. The recent development of depth-graded multilayer coatings has made the design of telescopes for this bandpass practical, however the ability to manufacture inexpensive substrates with appropriate surface quality and figure to achieve sub-arcminute performance has remained an elusive goal. In this paper, we report on new, thermally-formed glass micro-sheet optics capable of meeting the requirements of the next-generation of astronomical hard X-ray telescopes.

©2000 Optical Society of America

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Figures (4)
Figure 1.
Figure 1. Encircled power diameters from a sample of thermally formed AF45 glass illuminated by a monochromatic X-ray beam with a footprint of 25×2mm.

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Figure 2.
Figure 2. The mounting geometry for the HEFT telescope modules. 72 shells are built up by constraining individual thermally formed glass pieces to precisely machined graphite spacers.

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Figure 3.
Figure 3. The distribution of individual half power diameter measurements for all shells at 28 keV.

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Figure 4.
Figure 4. The radially averaged point spread function (PSF) for the shells in the prototype The solid line is the sum, the individual shell contributions are also shown.

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Tables (1)

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Table 1: The half power diameter of the individual shells in arcseconds. Errors, including systematics are estimated to be +/- 2”.

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