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Effect of molecular concentrations in tissue-simulating phantoms on images obtained using diffuse reflectance polarimetry

Mehrübe Mehrübeoğlu, Nasser Kehtarnavaz, Sohi Rastegar, and Lihong V. Wang

Open Access Open Access

Abstract

We have investigated the possibility of using diffuse reflectance polarimetry to detect changes caused by different molecular compounds and concentrations in tissue-simulating phantoms. The effects of glucose, β-alanine and l-lysine at different concentrations in turbid media have been investigated separately. This approach is based on the effect of optical properties on the polarization state of light. The results show that this method has potential for determining changes in molecular concentrations in highly scattering biological media from polarization images.

©1998 Optical Society of America

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Figures (9)
Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Experimental system setup for imaging the polarization patterns of the turbid medium using a laser light source, two polarizers, a micro lens, and a CCD camera/detector.

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Fig. 2.
Fig. 2. Sample raw images as obtained by the CCD camera/detector system for glucose, β-alanine and l-lysine. Each row depicts images of increasing concentrations from left to right for the corresponding compound. The asymmetry about the horizontal axis through the center of each row is due to the 18° tilt of the CCD camera and lens system. The spot of laser incidence can be noted in the center of the butterfly patterns.

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Fig. 3.
Fig. 3. Difference images within each compound (glucose, β-alanine, l-lysine) with respect to the corresponding image for lowest concentration (241 mg/dl). Each row depicts difference images of increasing concentration from left to right for the compound labeled on the left of each row.

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Fig. 4.
Fig. 4. Ratio images within each compound (glucose, β-alanine, l-lysine) with respect to the corresponding image for lowest concentration. Each row depicts images of increasing concentration ratio from left to right for the compound labeled on the left of each row.

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Fig. 5.
Fig. 5. Correlation between raw images. Correlation is plotted for each compound, namely, glucose, β-alanine and l-lysine, with respect to the lowest concentration in each class, against increasing concentration (mg/dl).

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Fig. 6.
Fig. 6. Correlation between difference images. The absolute value of the intensity of the difference images was used to obtain positive correlation values. Correlation is plotted for each compound (glucose, β-alanine and l-lysine) against increasing concentration difference (difference relative to the 241 mg/dl images).

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Fig. 7.
Fig. 7. Mean-Square Difference for all molecular compounds with respect to the lowest concentration (241 mg/dl) image.

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Fig. 8.
Fig. 8. Root Mean-Square Difference for all molecular compounds with respect to the lowest concentration (241 mg/dl) image. Of particular importance is the linear change of the polarization patterns with respect to increasing glucose concentration.

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Fig. 9.
Fig. 9. Effect of Glucose concentration on the refractive index of water (a) and the reduced scattering coefficient of turbid medium (b). A linear relation can be observed between added glucose and refractive index of water. The same is true for added glucose and reduced scattering coefficient of turbid medium.

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Equations (6)

Equations on this page are rendered with MathJax. Learn more.

I d = I c − I r
corr ( n , l ) = ∑ i = 1 151 ∑ j = 1 151 ( img n ( i , j ) × img l ( i , j ) ) ∑ i = 1 151 ∑ j = 1 151 ( img n ( i , j ) × img n ( i , j ) ) × ∑ i = 1 151 ∑ i = 1 151 ( img l ( i , j ) × img l ( i , j ) )
MSD ( n , l ) = 1 ( 151 ) 2 ∑ i = 1 151 ∑ j = 1 151 ( img n ( i , j ) − img l ( i , j ) ) 2
RMSD ( n , l ) = MSD ( n , l )
μ s ′ = K ( n 1 − n 0 ) n 0
ϕ = ( 5.25 X 10 − 7 ) lc
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