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In vivo OCT imaging of hard and soft tissue of the oral cavity

F. I. Feldchtein, G. V. Gelikonov, V. M. Gelikonov, R. R. Iksanov, R. V. Kuranov, A. M. Sergeev, N. D. Gladkova, M. N. Ourutina, J. A. Warren, and D. H. Reitze

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Abstract

We use optical coherence tomography (OCT) to perform a comprehensive program of in vivo and in vitro structural imaging of hard and soft tissues within the oral cavity. We have imaged the different types of healthy oral mucosa as well as normal and abnormal tooth structure. OCT is able to differentiate between the various types of keratinized and non-keratinized mucosa with high resolution. OCT is also able to provide detailed structural information on clinical abnormalities (caries and non-caries lesions) in teeth and provide guidance in dental restorative procedures. Our investigations demonstrate the utility of OCT as a diagnostic imaging modality in clinical and research dentistry.

©1998 Optical Society of America

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Figures (19)
Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. OCT image of the hard palate mucosa. The squamous epithelium appears as the 170 μm top layer above the 200 μm thick lamina propria. All scales are shown in millimeters, for vertical scale in tissue an average refraction index n=1.4 is assumed.

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Fig. 2.
Fig. 2. OCT image of the gingival mucosa, showing the epithelium (~ 250 μm) and lamina propria (~ 250 μm). The epithelium and lamina propria are not well differentiated in the scan.

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Fig. 3.
Fig. 3. The mucosa of the soft palate as seen via OCT. The epithelium and lamina propria are distinct. Submucosa and connective tissue are also evident.

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Fig. 4.
Fig. 4. An OCT B-scan of the vestibular alveolar mucosa. The epithelium is thin (~ 150 μm) and covers the 500 μm thick lamina propria.

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Fig. 5.
Fig. 5. - Zona maxilaris region of the buccal mucosa. The imaging depth in the zona maxilaris is ~ 650 μm.

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Fig. 6.
Fig. 6. Zona maxilaris region of the buccal mucosa closer to the zona intermedia.

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Fig. 7.
Fig. 7. The mucosa of the lingual dorsum as seen via OCT. The mucosa of the lingual dorsum has no submucosa and is directly attached to the muscular body of the tongue.

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Fig. 8.
Fig. 8. OCT image of tooth #11 in normal polarization, scanned perpendicular to its facial surface from the incisal edge to the center of the tooth. The facial enamel (E), dentin (D), and DEJ are clearly visible in the scan. The lines in the facial enamel may be fault lines caused by incremental growth.

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Fig. 9.
Fig. 9. OCT image of the same region of tooth #11 as in Fig. 8, but scanned in orthogonal polarization. The amount of backscattered light is reduced with respect to Fig. 8. In addition, the lines present in the facial enamel show better contrast.

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Fig. 10.
Fig. 10. First frame of a 3D image of a composite resin dental restoration taken in vitro. The restoration is evident in the center of the scan. [Media 1]

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Fig. 11.
Fig. 11. OCT image of a caries lesion located in the fissure of tooth # 44. The lesion is indicated by a strongly backscattering region on the tooth surface in the fissure area.

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Fig. 12.
Fig. 12. A cervical caries lesion (CL) viewed by OCT. The DEJ can be seen to the left of the lesion; the gingiva (G) is evident on the right side of the scan.

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Fig. 13.
Fig. 13. OCT image of a caries lesion immersed in dentin below a composite resin prosthesis placed through the occlusal surface.

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Fig. 14.
Fig. 14. OCT images of a caries lesion evidencing a small surface cavitation.

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Fig. 15.
Fig. 15. Conventional X-ray image corresponding to the OCT image shown in Fig. 11.

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Fig. 16.
Fig. 16. OCT image of a non-caries (abfraction) lesion (NCL). Note that the lesion is evident only in enamel and is supported by intact dentin.

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Fig. 17.
Fig. 17. OCT images of dental restorations using (a) amalgam, (b) composite resin (CR), and (c) compomer (C). The composite resin and compomer can be completely imaged by OCT.

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Fig. 18.
Fig. 18. OCT images of filling defects: (a) bubble, (b) gap.

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Fig. 19.
Fig. 19. (a) A preoperative OCT image of a caries lesion in the cervical area of the root. (b) The lesion scanned after diamond burr drilling, showing the smear layer produced by the action of the drilling. (c) Acid etching removes the smear layer. (d) The tooth has been restored using a composite resin.

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