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Optical characterization of arch-shaped ARROW waveguides with liquid cores

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Abstract

We present the characterization of the optical properties of integrated antiresonant reflecting optical (ARROW) waveguides with arch-shaped liquid cores. Optical mode shapes and coupling, waveguide loss, and polarization dependence are investigated. Waveguide loss as low as 0.26/cm with near-single-mode coupling and mode areas as small as 4.5μm2 are demonstrated. A detailed comparison to ARROW waveguides with rectangular cores is presented, and shows that arch-shaped cores are superior for many applications.

©2005 Optical Society of America

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Figures (5)

Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. SEM images of hollow-core ARROWs with rectangular and arch-shaped cross sections.
Fig. 2.
Fig. 2. (a) Measured mode profile of arch-shaped liquid-core ARROW (w=9μm, L=6.9mm); (b) Normalized mode cross sections: symbols: experiment, lines: theory
Fig. 3.
Fig. 3. (a) Mode coupling efficiency from single-mode fiber into hollow-core ARROWs versus core base width w . Circles: Arch-shaped core; squares: rectangular cores. (b) Mode images from arch-shaped (top) and rectangular cores (bottom) with identical mode area. Dashed white lines: core outlines.
Fig. 4.
Fig. 4. (a) Transmitted optical power vs. sample length for different arched core widths. Symbols: experiment, lines: mono-exponential fit. (b) Mode loss of hollow-core ARROWs versus mode area. Circles: Arch-shaped core; squares: rectangular cores; Filled symbols: experiment; open symbols: theory.
Fig. 5.
Fig. 5. (a) Transmitted intensity versus (linear) input polarization for arch-shaped liquid-core ARROW (w=12μm, L=5.4mm). Symbols: experiment; solid line: calculated fit to Eq. (1). (b) Polarization-dependent waveguide loss in arch-shaped ARROWs.

Equations (1)

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I o = I i e α X L cos 2 ( θ ) + I i e α Y L sin 2 ( θ )
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