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Photonic crystal nanocavity array laser

Hatice Altug and Jelena Vučković

Open Access Open Access

Abstract

We demonstrate a new type of laser composed of an array of coupled photonic crystal nanocavities that enables high differential quantum efficiency and output power, together with a low threshold power comparable to those of single photonic crystal cavity lasers. In our experiment, the laser efficiency increases faster than the lasing threshold with an increase in the number of coupled cavities. We observe a single mode lasing and measure the output powers that are two orders of magnitude higher than in single nanocavity lasers. Finally, we study the laser behavior theoretically and show that the benefits resulting from the coupling of cavities are due to strong cavity effects such as the enhanced spontaneous emission rate.

©2005 Optical Society of America

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Figures (5)
Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. (a) SEM pictures of a fabricated single PC cavity laser and a coupled PC cavity array laser (b) Simulated electric field amplitude of the coupled cavity array quadrupole mode at the Γ-point in the middle of the slab.

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Fig. 2.
Fig. 2. (a) Spectrum of the coupled cavity array laser with a peak at 1534nm. The PC hole radius in this structure is about 192nm. The inset on the left shows the zoomed-in portion of the spectrum fitted with a Lorentzian (green dashed curve) of 0.23nm linewidth. The inset on the right shows the QW photoluminescence from unprocessed wafer (QWs shown on the SEM image).

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Fig. 3.
Fig. 3. (a) The IR-camera image (left) and the simulated time-averaged Poynting vector in the vertical direction (right) of the lasing mode for a single cavity laser. The size of the structure is indicated by the dashed square. (b) The same for a coupled cavity array laser.

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Fig. 4.
Fig. 4. LL-curves of the single PC cavity and the coupled PC cavity array laser. The inset shows a magnified curve for the single PC cavity

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Fig. 5
Fig. 5 Output power as a function of the input pump power and the number of coupled cavities in the array, analyzed using rate equations and our experimental conditions (parameters given in Table 2). Single cavity results are shown in red and coupled cavity array laser results in blue. Coupled cavity laser has 10 times larger Va than single cavity laser, while the mode volume Vmode increases relative to that of a single cavity laser by a factor of 10 (diamond), 40 (circle) and 70 (square). By comparing theoretical analysis shown here with our experimental results shown in Fig. 4, we conclude that majority of 81 PC cavities in the array are lasing together in our laser.

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Tables (2)

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Table1. Averaged values of the measured thresholds and DQEs of several single cavity and coupled cavity lasers and their ratios. Also shown are the β-factor ranges obtained by fitting laser rate equations to the measured LL-curves.

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Table 2. Typical parameters for InGaAsP-InP MQWs that are used in solving rate equation.

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Equations (5)

Equations on this page are rendered with MathJax. Learn more.

L in , th = ħ ω p V a η [ 1 τ p V mod e − β N t h τ r + N t h τ r ]
DQE = η ω l ω p V mod e V a 1 τ mirror 1 Γ G ( N t h )
Γ G ( N t h ) = 1 τ p − β N t h V mod e τ r .
dN dt = η L in ħ ω p V a − ( N τ r + N τ n r ) − Γ G ( N ) P
dP dt = Γ G ( N ) P + β N τ r − P τ p
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