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Design study of highly sensitive nanowire-enhanced surface plasmon resonance biosensors using rigorous coupled wave analysis

Kyung Min Byun, Sung June Kim, and Donghyun Kim

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Abstract

In this study, we investigated the sensitivity enhancement in nanowire-based surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensors using rigorous coupled wave analysis (RCWA). The enhancement, enabled by the excitation of localized surface plasmons in gold nanowires, offers improved performance in sensitivity as well as in reproducibility and customizability. Calculation results found that a T-profile provides higher sensitivity than an inverse T-profile in general and also determined optimum design parameters. Our study on a nanowire-enhanced SPR biosensor demonstrates the potential for significant improvement in the sensitivity through the nanowire-mediated localized SPR.

©2005 Optical Society of America

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Figures (4)
Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of a nanowire-enhanced SPR biosensor with a multilayer model used in this study. A beam is in the xz-plane incident at an angle θ. Layer 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 represent a BK7 glass prism, an attachment film of chromium, gold film supporting SPPs, one-dimensional gold nanowires, and a self-assembled monolayer (SAM), respectively. Dimensions of gold nanowires shown in the inset are decided by a geometry factor (GF). Also, d3, d4, and d5 denote the thickness of gold film, gold nanowires, and a SAM.

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Fig. 2.
Fig. 2. SPR curves (reflectance vs. incidence angle) of SPR biosensors: for a conventional SPR biosensor, and for a nanowire-enhanced SPR biosensor of Fig. 1. Nanowires have an inverse T-profile at GF=0.75, and nanowire period Λ=100 nm. In both curves, no-binding on a bare gold film is represented with the solid line and binding with analytes with the dotted line.

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Fig. 3.
Fig. 3. (a) Peak SEF with GF for T-profile (▿) and inverse T-profile (▴). For each profile, GF is varied from 0 to 1. The inset shows extinction spectra for two different nanowire profiles with a T-profile in a solid line and an inverse T-profile in a dotted line. The vertical line in the extinction spectra indicates λ=633 nm. For the inset, GF=0.25 and nanowire period Λ=50 nm. (b) Nanowire period Λ peak when the SEF is the highest for each GF.

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Fig. 4.
Fig. 4. (a) The SEF width defined as the range of nanowire periods in which the SEF exceed a given SEF threshold in the SEF characteristics, as GF varies from 0 to 1. The threshold used to determine the SET width is 20. (b) Plot of SEF characteristics of a T-profile at GF=0.5.

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Equations (1)

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SEF = ∣ Δ θ NWSPR Δ θ SPR ∣ = ∣ θ NWSPR ( target analyte ) − θ NWSPR ( no analyte ) θ SPR ( target analyte ) − θ SPR ( no analyte ) ∣ ,
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