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Small core rib waveguides with embedded gratings in As2Se3 glass

N. Ponnampalam, R. G. DeCorby, H. T. Nguyen, P. K. Dwivedi, C. J. Haugen, J. N. McMullin, and S. O. Kasap

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Abstract

Low-loss shallow-rib waveguides were fabricated using As2Se3 chalcogenide glass and polyamide-imide polymer. Waveguides were patterned directly in the As2Se3 layer by photodarkening followed by selective wet etching. Theory predicted a modal effective area of 3.5–4 µm2, and this was supported by near-field modal measurements. The Fabry-Perot technique was used to estimate propagation losses as low as ~0.25 dB/cm. First-order Bragg gratings near 1550 nm were holographically patterned in some waveguides. The Bragg gratings exhibited an index modulation on the order of 0.004. They were used as a means to assess the modal effective indices of the waveguides. Small core As2Se3 waveguides with embedded Bragg gratings have potential for realization of all-optical Kerr effect devices.

©2004 Optical Society of America

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Figures (6)
Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. (a) SEM image of the cleaved facet of a rib waveguide. The color difference between the upper and lower PAI claddings is an artifact of the SEM imaging and is not visible in microscope images. The slight deformation at the top of the upper cladding is probably due to the film stretching upon dicing into very small pieces required for SEM imaging. (b) Schematic illustration of the rib geometry assumed for simulations.

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Fig. 2.
Fig. 2. Experimental arrangement used to embed Bragg gratings in rib waveguides. Inset: SEM images of gratings written by this technique, with period approximately 290 nm. From these low contrast SEM images, the uncertainty in estimating the grating period is at least +/-5 nm.

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Fig. 3.
Fig. 3. Simulated (a, b) and experimental (c, d) near field images of fundamental mode at 1480 nm for a rib waveguide with nominal width of 3.8 µm (a, c) and first order mode at 980 nm for a rib waveguide with nominal width of 4.2 µm (b, d). An etch depth of 100 nm was estimated from SEM images and used in the simulations. The horizontal mode profile, obtained by scanning an apertured photodetector through the magnified near-field image, is shown in (e).

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Fig.4.
Fig.4. Schematic diagram of the experimental setup used for Fabry-Perot loss measurements.

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Fig. 5.
Fig. 5. (a) A typical Fabry-Perot fringe pattern. Output intensity normalized to the input intensity is plotted against time (as the laser temperature and emission wavelength are ramped in time). The variation of wavelength with time was not linear, so the fringes do not exhibit a regular spacing. (b) Bar chart showing distribution of losses for 8 waveguides within a single sample. Inset: typical scattered light streak image.

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Fig. 6.
Fig. 6. (a) A typical Bragg grating stop band for a fundamental TM mode, measured with the input polarization well controlled. (b) Spectral features associated with 2 TE modes and 2 TM modes, for a Bragg grating embedded in a waveguide with rib width of 4.2 µm. The polarization is controlled in order to associate each stop band with a TE mode (as for the two longer wavelength stop bands, upper figure) or a TM mode (as for the two shorter wavelength stop bands, lower figure).

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Tables (1)

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Table 1: Theoretical and Experimental Modal Indices

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Equations (1)

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loss = − 1 L 10 log [ 1 R ( K 1 ⁄ 2 − 1 ) ( K 1 ⁄ 2 + 1 ) ]
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