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Square-lattice photonic-crystal vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers

Keum-Hee Lee, Jong-Hwa Baek, In-Kag Hwang, Yong-Hee Lee, Gyu-Han Lee, Jung-Hoon Ser, Hee-Dae Kim, and Hyun-Eoi Shin

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Abstract

The single mode square lattice photonic-crystal vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (PC-VCSELs) are proposed and demonstrated. Square-lattice photonic-crystal patterns of various lattice constants are introduced on top mirrors of VCSELs having two different current apertures. The maximum single mode output power of about 1 mW is obtained from the device with lattice constant of 5.0 µm and current aperture of 16 µm. The PC-VCSEL operates in a single transverse mode in an entire operating current range with a side-mode suppression ratio of over 20 dB. The asymmetric introduction of smaller air holes improves the polarization selectivity.

©2004 Optical Society of America

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Figures (7)
Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. SEM images of square-lattice PC-VCSELs with Λ=4.0 µm and a=0.7 Λ(2.8 µm) (a) Regular PC-VCSEL, (b) Modified PC-VCSEL.

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Fig. 2.
Fig. 2. L-I characteristics of regular PC-VCSELs with (a) current aperture of 16µm, (b) current aperture of 12 µm.

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Fig. 3.
Fig. 3. PC-guided modes for a fully-drilled regular PC-VCSEL calculated by plane wave expansion method (a) fundamental PC-guided mode, (b) 2nd PC-guided mode, (c) 3rd PC-guided mode.

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Fig. 4.
Fig. 4. Polarization-resolved near-field pattern at (a) 10 mA, (b) 15 mA, (c) Polarizationresolved spectra for a regular PC-VCSEL with current aperture of 16µm, lattice constant (Λ) of 5.0 µm.

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Fig. 5.
Fig. 5. (a) Polarization-resolved L-I characteristics (b) The spectra at various operating currents for a modified PC-VCSEL with small air holes of 0.3Λ in X-direction, current aperture of 16 µm and lattice constant of 4.0 µm.

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Fig. 6.
Fig. 6. PC-guided modes for a fully-drilled modified square-lattice PC-VCSEL calculated by plane wave expansion method (a) fundamental PC-guided mode, (b) 2nd PC-guided mode, (c) 3rd PC-guided mode, (d) 4th PC-guided mode.

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Fig. 7.
Fig. 7. Polarization-resolved near-field patterns at (a) 10 mA (b) 15 mA (c) Polarization-resolved spectra for a modified PC-VCSEL with small air holes of 0.3Λ in Y-direction, current aperture of 16µm and lattice constant (Λ) of 4.0 µm. All the dimensions of this PC-VCSEL are identical to those of Fig. 5. For comparison purposes, both PC-VCSELs of Fig. 5 and Fig. 7 are fabricated on the same wafer, but the orientations of small air holes are perpendicular to each other.

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Tables (1)

Tables Icon

Table 1. Comparison of the regular PC-VCSEL and the modified PC-VCSEL, S; single mode operation (20 dB criterion), S→M; transition from single mode to multi-mode operation, M; multi-mode operation.

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