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Measurement of the intensity and phase of attojoule femtosecond light pulses using Optical-Parametric-Amplification Cross-Correlation Frequency-Resolved Optical Gating

Jing-yuan Zhang, Aparna Prasad Shreenath, Mark Kimmel, Erik Zeek, Rick Trebino, and Stephan Link

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Abstract

We use the combination of ultrafast gating and high parametric gain available with Difference-Frequency Generation (DFG) and Optical Parametric Amplification (OPA) to achieve the complete measurement of ultraweak ultrashort light pulses. Specifically, spectrally resolving such an amplified gated pulse vs. relative delay yields the complete pulse intensity and phase vs. time. This technique is a variation of Cross-correlation Frequency-Resolved Optical Gating (XFROG), and using it, we measure the intensity and phase of a train of attenuated white light continuum containing only a few attojoules per pulse. Unlike interferometric methods, this method can measure pulses with poor spatial coherence and random absolute phase, such as fluorescence.

©2003 Optical Society of America

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Figures (3)
Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Schematic of the experimental apparatus for OPA/DFG XFROG. The gate pulse is characterized using a GRENOUILLE (not shown) before it enters the XFROG setup.

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Fig. 2.
Fig. 2. The measured and retrieved traces and retrieved intensity and phase vs. time and the spectrum and spectral phase vs. wavelength of a spectrally filtered continuum from a sapphire plate. The retrieved intensity and phase from the OPA XFROG measurement of 80fJ pulses agrees well with the retrieved intensity and phase of unattenuated continuum of 80pJ using the established technique, SFG XFROG as well as the independently measured spectrum.

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Fig. 3.
Fig. 3. OPA XFROG measurement of a 50 aJ attenuated and filtered continuum generated using a sapphire plate.

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Equations (9)

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I XFROG ( ω , τ ) = ∣ ∫ − ∞ ∞ E ( t ) E gate ( t − τ ) exp ( − i ω t ) dt ∣ 2
∂ E OPA ∂ z = i κ E ref E DFG *
∂ E DFG ∂ z = i κ ′ E ref E OPA *
E sig OPA ( t , τ ) = E ( t ) E gate OPA ( t - τ ) ,
E gate OPA ( t ) = cosh ⁡ ( g ∣ E ref ( t ) ∣ z ) .
g 2 = 16 π 2 d 2 eff n OPA n DFG λ OPA λ DFG .
E sig DFG ( t , τ ) = E ( t ) E gate DFG * ( t - τ ) .
E gate DFG ( t ) = exp [ i ϕ ref ( t ) ] sinh ⁡ ( g ∣ E ref ( t ) ∣ z ) ,
l sp = τ p GVM sp ,
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