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Ultrahigh resolution real time OCT imaging using a compact femtosecond Nd:Glass laser and nonlinear fiber

S. Bourquin, A. D. Aguirre, I. Hartl, P. Hsiung, T. H. Ko, J. G. Fujimoto, T. A. Birks, W. J. Wadsworth, U. Bünting, and D. Kopf

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Abstract

Ultrahigh resolution, real time OCT imaging is demonstrated using a compact femtosecond Nd:Glass laser that is spectrally broadened in a high numerical aperture single mode fiber. A reflective grating phase delay scanner enables broad bandwidth, high-speed group delay scanning. We demonstrate in vivo, ultrahigh resolution, real time OCT imaging at 1 µm center wavelength with <5 µm axial resolution in free space (<4 µm in tissue). The light source is robust, portable, and well suited for in vivo imaging studies.

©2003 Optical Society of America

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Figures (6)
Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Ultrahigh resolution, real time, OCT system using a femtosecond diode pumped Nd:Glass laser with a high numerical aperture fiber and a broadband grating based phase delay scanner. AS: aspheric lens, NA: numerical aperture, L1–L5: chromatically corrected doublet, FC1,2: 3dB 2×2 fiber coupler, PC1,2: polarization controller, A: air gap, D1,2: InGaAs photodiode, PR: prisms, M: mirror, DM: mirror for double-pass configuration, G: grating, CM: curved mirror, GM: galvanometer controlled mirror, XG: x-galvanometer.

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Fig. 2.
Fig. 2. Top and side views of the reflective grating phase delay line for high speed imaging. The double pass mirror allows doubling the axial scan range and coupling back the light beam into the fiber.

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Fig. 3.
Fig. 3. (a) Plot of the optical spectrum of the Nd:Glass laser broadened in the high numerical aperture (NA) single mode fiber. (b) Comparison of RF noise spectrum for the Nd:Glass pump laser to that of the continuum generated in the high NA fiber.

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Fig. 4.
Fig. 4. (a) Plot of the interference signal and (b) measurement of the axial resolution using a 150 µm thick (225 µm optical thickness) microscope cover glass test sample. (c) Corresponding log demodulated signal. A 1.5 ND filter was inserted in the sample arm to avoid detector saturation.

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Fig. 5.
Fig. 5. In vivo ultrahigh resolution OCT images at 1 µm wavelength. Images were acquired at 4 frames per second and are 2.5 mm transverse × 1.2 mm axial with 11 µm×4 µm resolution. (a,b) Images of the hamster cheek pouch showing squamous epithelium and connective tissue as well as a junction between two vessels. (c) Image of the nail bed showing the stratum corneum and the junction between the epidermis and the dermis. (d) Image of human volar finger pad showing stratum corneum and sweat ducts.

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Fig. 6.
Fig. 6. Movie from in vivo ultrahigh resolution images acquired at 4 frames per second. (a) (2.1 MB) 2D images of human volar finger pad with sweat ducts (1.9 mm×1.3 mm). (b) (2.3 MB) Sequence of transverse images of a tadpole in water scanned from the posterior to the anterior (1.8 mm×1.5 mm).

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