Thermo-optical properties of air-clad photonic crystal fiber lasers in high power operation

J. Limpert; T. Schreiber; A. Liem; S. Nolte; H. Zellmer; T. Peschel; V. Guyenot; A. Tünnermann

doi:10.1364/OE.11.002982

Optics Express
Vol. 11,
Issue 22,
pp. 2982-2990
(2003)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.11.002982

Thermo-optical properties of air-clad photonic crystal fiber lasers in high power operation

J. Limpert, T. Schreiber, A. Liem, S. Nolte, H. Zellmer, T. Peschel, V. Guyenot, and A. Tünnermann

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J. Limpert, T. Schreiber, A. Liem, S. Nolte, H. Zellmer, T. Peschel, V. Guyenot, and A. Tünnermann, "Thermo-optical properties of air-clad photonic crystal fiber lasers in high power operation," Opt. Express 11, 2982-2990 (2003)

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Abstract

We report on the investigation of the thermo-optical behavior of air-clad ytterbium-doped large-mode-area photonic crystal fiber lasers. Analytical and numerical models are applied to calculate the heat distribution and induced stresses in a microstructured fiber. The results are compared to conventional double-clad fiber lasers and design guidelines are provided to ensure maximum heat dissipation and scalability to power levels of several kWs.

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Fig. 1. Scanning electron microscope image of the air-clad ytterbium-doped large-mode-area fiber (PCF 1) and summarized specifications.

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Fig. 2. Microscope image of the air-clad PCF 2 and summarized specifications.

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Fig. 3. Laser characteristics of the high power air-clad microstructure ytterbium-doped largemode-area fiber.

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Fig. 4. Illustrated heat flow mechanisms in an air-clad microstructured fiber laser

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Fig. 5. Core to ambient air temperature difference (a) and core to fiber surface temperature difference (b) for PCF 1 and conventional DCF as a function of thermal load

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Fig. 6. Temperature profile of PCF 1 at 5 W/m thermal load calculated by FEM analysis. The values corresponding to each color represent the temperature difference in K to ambient air.

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Fig. 7. Distribution of radial stress in PCF 1 at 5 W/m thermal load calculated by FEM analysis. The stress values are given in GPa. Outside the bridges no significant radial stresses occur.

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Fig. 8. Core to ambient air temperature difference (a) and core to fiber surface temperature difference (b) for PCF 2 and conventional DCF as a function of thermal load

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Tables (3)

Table 1. Temperature-dependant coefficients for convective cooling in laminarly flowing air and water [11].

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Table 2. Calculated temperature distribution in PCF 1 in comparison to identical conventional double-clad fiber

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Table 3. Calculated temperature distribution in PCF 2 in comparison to identical conventional double-clad fiber.

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Equations (5)

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d Φ = α_{k} \cdot Δ T \cdot d A,

α_{k} = C_{1} \cdot {(\frac{Δ T}{d})}^{\frac{1}{4}},

d Φ = σ \cdot ε \cdot d A \cdot (T_{1}^{4} - T_{2}^{4}),

d Φ = k \cdot \frac{\bar{d A}}{L} \cdot Δ T = k \frac{π (R_{2} + R_{1}) \cdot d ℓ}{R_{2} - R_{1}} \cdot Δ T,

d Φ = k \cdot \frac{Number of bridges \times Bridge width}{Bridge length} \cdot d ℓ \cdot Δ T

	average temperature
	20°C	40°C	60°C	80°C	100°C
C₁ (air) [W/(m^1.75K^1.25)]	1.38	1.34	1.31	1.29	1.27
C₁ (water) [W/(m^1.75K^1.25)]	105	149	178	205	227

Thermal load=5 W/m
	across inner cladding	across air-clad	across outer cladding	across coating	fiber surface-ambient air	overall
PCF 1	0.79 K	10.39 K	0.32 K	0.34 K	93.54 K	105.39 K
	across inner cladding			across coating	fiber surface-ambient air	overall
DCF	1.25 K			0.34 K	93.54 K	95.13 K

Thermal load=9 W/m
	across inner cladding	across air-clad	across outer cladding	across coating	fiber surfaceambient air	overall
PCF 2	1.74 K	4.10 K	0.35 K	0.67 K	162.49 K	169.27 K
	across inner cladding			across coating	fiber surface-ambient air	overall
DCF	2.05 K			0.75 K	162.49 K	165.29 K

	average temperature
	20°C	40°C	60°C	80°C	100°C
C₁ (air) [W/(m^1.75K^1.25)]	1.38	1.34	1.31	1.29	1.27
C₁ (water) [W/(m^1.75K^1.25)]	105	149	178	205	227

Thermal load=5 W/m
	across inner cladding	across air-clad	across outer cladding	across coating	fiber surface-ambient air	overall
PCF 1	0.79 K	10.39 K	0.32 K	0.34 K	93.54 K	105.39 K
	across inner cladding			across coating	fiber surface-ambient air	overall
DCF	1.25 K			0.34 K	93.54 K	95.13 K

Abstract

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Figures (8)

Tables (3)

Equations (5)

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