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Phase-sensitive imaging and phase tomography using X-ray interferometers

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Abstract

X-ray interferometry for imaging applications is discussed with a review of X-ray interferometric imaging activities reported to date. Phase measurement and phase tomography based on X-ray interferometry are also presented. Finally the advantage of X-ray interferometric imaging in comparison with other phase-sensitive X-ray imaging methods is discussed.

©2003 Optical Society of America

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Figures (8)

Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Crystal X-ray interferometers used for interferometric imaging: (a) monolithic LLL X-ray interferometer, (b) interferometer consisting of two crystal blocks carrying two lamellae, and (c) BBB X-ray interferometer. S: beam splitter, M: mirror, A: analyzer.
Fig. 2.
Fig. 2. X-ray interferometer consisting of two crystal blocks: (a) Stage for aligning the blocks and beam paths, (b) Interference pattern generated with this interferometer using 0.07-nm X-rays. From J. Synchrotron Rad. 9, 277 (2002).
Fig. 3.
Fig. 3. Differential X-ray interferometers using a prism (a) and gratings (G1, G2) (b), (c).
Fig. 4.
Fig. 4. X-ray interferometry with focusing optics. Using a twin zone plate (a), two focal spots have been formed generating an interference field downstream. When the twin zone plate is used as an objective lens, a differential phase-contrast image is obtained. Using a transmission grating, an interferometer (b) for testing focusing optics has also been developed.
Fig. 5.
Fig. 5. X-ray interferometers using free-standing multilayers (a) or gratings (b) for amplitude division. Interference fringes could be observed by using a single shot of soft X-ray laser.
Fig. 6.
Fig. 6. Soft X-ray interferometers using synchrotron radiation. By using Fresnel’s bimirror (a), a comparatively stable interferometer has been developed. Operation of a Mirau interferometer (b) with a free-standing multilayer is a notable achievement.
Fig. 7.
Fig. 7. Phase map measured with 0.07-nm X-rays by means of the fringe scanning method using the LLL X-ray interferometer. Blood vessels in a mouse liver were depicted by replacing blood with physiological salt solution. The contrast caused by the thickness variation of the liver has been removed by image processing.
Fig. 8.
Fig. 8. The tissue of a rat kidney measured by phase tomography with 0.1-nm X-rays using the LLL X-ray interferometer with a 40-µm analyzer.
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