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Observation of stimulated Raman amplification in silicon waveguides

R. Claps, D. Dimitropoulos, V. Raghunathan, Y. Han, and B. Jalali

Open Access Open Access

Abstract

We report the first observation of Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS) in silicon waveguides. Amplification of the Stokes signal, at 1542.3 nm, of up to 0.25 dB has been observed in Silicon-on-Insulator (SOI) waveguides, using a 1427 nm pump laser with a CW power of 1.6 W, measured before the waveguide. Two-Photon-Absorption (TPA) measurements on these waveguides are also reported, and found to be negligible at the pump power where SRS was observed.

©2003 Optical Society of America

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Figures (6)
Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Experimental setup: Pump-CRC fiber laser; Ch-Chopper; PBS-Polarization Beam Splitter; LIA- Lock-in amplifier; ECDL-External cavity diode laser (tunable); FG-Function generator (60 GHz freq. range); VOA-Variable optical attenuator; PD-optically-broadband photodetector. Thick lines represent electrical connections and wiring, thin lines represent free-space optical beams, and colored lines represent optical fiber.

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Fig. 2.
Fig. 2. (a) Measured spectral characteristic of the Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS) in the silicon waveguide. The error bars are the standard deviation from this average. The pump power was 0.64 W at the front facet of the waveguide. SRS Net Gain is the ratio of the amplitude of the LIA output to the average signal power throughput. (b) Spontaneous Raman Spectra of the same waveguide with the same pump power as in (a).

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Fig. 3.
Fig. 3. The maxima from each spectral scan are plotted against effective pump power coupled into the front facet of the waveguide. A maximum of 0.25 dB (6%) amplification is obtained.

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Fig. 4.
Fig. 4. Experimental setup for measuring TPA. The waveguide in this case is different from the one used for SRS. PC-Polarization controller; VOA-Variable optical attenuator; PBS - Polarization beam splitter; PD1 and PD2 photo-detectors (identical, Newport 1830-C).

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Fig. 5.
Fig. 5. Output power vs. input power results, using a mode-locked laser, and depicting a nonlinear relationship.

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Fig. 6.
Fig. 6. TPA measurement result. The input power, Pin, is not corrected for coupling losses. The linear behavior is maintained up to ~ 400 W.

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Equations (5)

Equations on this page are rendered with MathJax. Learn more.

R ↔ 1 = 1 2 ( 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 ) ; R ↔ 2 = 1 2 ( 0 0 1 0 0 − 1 1 − 1 0 ) ; R ↔ 3 = ( 1 0 0 0 − 1 0 0 0 0 ) .
S = S o ∑ j = 1 , 2 , 3 ∣ e ̂ s · R ↔ j · e ̂ i ∣ 2 , S o = k o 4 32 π 2 n V χ R 2
g s = 8 π c 2 ω p ħ ω s 4 n 2 ( ω s ) ( N + 1 ) Δ ω S
P S ( L ) = P S ( 0 ) exp ( − γ L + g s P p ( 0 ) A · ( 1 + Δ ν p ( P p ) Δ ν R ) L eff ) .
P in P out = e γ L ( 1 + β L eff A P in ) .
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