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High resolution imaging of in vivo cardiac dynamics using color Doppler optical coherence tomography

Siavash Yazdanfar, Manish D. Kulkarni, and Joseph A. Izatt

Open Access Open Access

Abstract

Color Doppler optical coherence tomography (CDOCT) is a noninvasive technique for simultaneous high spatial resolution (~20 μm) imaging and high velocity resolution (~500 μm/s) imaging flowmetry in living tissues. In this paper, we demonstrate a reconstruction method which overcomes fundamental limitations on Doppler flow mapping associated with both high- and low-speed imaging. This algorithm is successful in retaining the high velocity resolution of CDOCT while eliminating motion artifact caused by slow image acquisition in samples which exhibit repetitive motion. We demonstrate reconstruction of blood flow throughout a beating Xenopus laevis heart and surrounding vasculature using gated CDOCT reconstruction.

©1997 Optical Society of America

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Supplementary Material (2)

Media 1: MOV (252 KB)     
Media 2: MOV (253 KB)     

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Figures (5)
Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Schematic of color Doppler OCT imaging system. I, in-phase; Q, quadrature; A/D, analog-to-digital converter. The sample probe beam is incident on the ventral surface of the specimen.

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Fig. 2.
Fig. 2. Sagittal optical section of Xenopus heart through ventral surface of body. The abscissa is the equivalent time of acquisition for the image. The spatial dimensions are 2.0 mm across by 1.07 mm deep (assuming a mean index of refraction=1.4). Whereas some structures are visible with high resolution, image clarity is drastically reduced in moving structures (i.e., heart and diaphragm). White bars indicate the region magnified in Fig. 3. st, stomach; l, liver; p, pericardium; bv, branched vessels.

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Fig. 3.
Fig. 3. A-scans extracted from Fig. 2 between the vertical white bars within the ventricle. One period of the cardiac cycle required exactly five (T=5.00±0.01) A-scans.

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Fig. 4.
Fig. 4. Reconstruction of a beating Xenopus heart using the frame gating technique, played back at 0.75 times real-time. For optimal viewing of movie, set viewer to automatic loop playback mode. Doppler processing is restricted to region indicated by rectangle. v, ventricle; a, atrium; ta, truncus arteriosus; p, pericardium; bv, branched vessels; d, diaphragm. [Media 1]

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Fig. 5.
Fig. 5. CDOCT reconstruction of entire Xenopus heart, played back at 0.75 times real-time. For optimal viewing of movie, set viewer to automatic loop playback mode.. Flow in the heart is masked by motion of the ventricle and turbulent flow within the ventricle, similar to clutter in color Doppler ultrasound imaging. [Media 2]

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Equations (6)

Equations on this page are rendered with MathJax. Learn more.

i d ˜ ( t ) = A ( t ) cos [ 2 π ( f r − f s ) t + ϕ ( t ) ] ,
i d ( t ) = A ( t ) exp [ − j { 2 π f s t + ϕ ( t ) } ] .
V s = f s λ 0 2 n t cos θ ,
V s min = λ 0 2 n t cos θ · 1 N t s .
V s min = λ 0 2 n t cos θ · L v r N D .
V s min = λ 0 2 n t cos θ · K L R f N ρ .
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