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Low loss photonic components in high index bismuth borate glass by femtosecond laser direct writing

Weijia Yang, Costantino Corbari, Peter G. Kazansky, Koichi Sakaguchi, and Isabel C.S. Carvalho

Open Access Open Access

Abstract

Single mode, low loss waveguides were fabricated in high index bismuth borate glass by femtosecond laser direct writing. A specific set of writing parameters leading to waveguides perfectly mode matched to standard single-mode fibers at 1.55 µm with an overall insertion loss of ~1 dB and with propagation loss below 0.2 dB/cm was identified. Photonic components such as Y-splitters and directional couplers were also demonstrated. A close agreement between their performances and theoretical predictions based upon the characterization of the waveguide properties is shown. Finally, the nonlinear refractive index of the waveguides has been measured to be 6.6×10-15 cm2/W by analyzing self-phase modulation of the propagating femtosecond laser pulse at the wavelength of 1.46 µm. Broadening of the transmitted light source as large as 500 nm was demonstrated through a waveguide with the length of 1.8 cm.

©2008 Optical Society of America

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Figures (9)
Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. (a): Schematic of the writing process. (b): Microscope image of the waveguides in the yz plane. (c): Aspect ratio versus focal depth using various slit widths.

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Fig. 2.
Fig. 2. Near-field mode profiles of the waveguides at 1.55 µm and (insert) microscope images of the waveguide cross-section. (a): Ep=200 nJ, w=400 µm. (b): Ep=280 nJ, w=500 µm.

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Fig. 3.
Fig. 3. (a): Refractive index change of the waveguides fabricated using 400 µm and 500 µm slits versus pulse energy. (b): Normalized frequency of the waveguides versus pulse energy.

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Fig. 4.
Fig. 4. Fabry — Perot loss measurement of the waveguide (Ep=200 nJ, w=500 µm) at 1550 nm.

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Fig. 5.
Fig. 5. (a): Schematic of the Y - splitter (Ep=200 nJ, w=300 µm) (b): Differential interference contrast image of splitting part of the Y - splitter. (c): Near-field mode profile of the output facet of the Y-splitter from launching 1.55 µm light.

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Fig. 6.
Fig. 6. (a): Schematic of directional coupler (Ep=200 nJ, w=300 µm). Near-field mode profiles of the output facets of the directional couplers when the centre-centre distance d equals (b): 30 µm. (c): 20 µm. (d): 15 µm.

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Fig. 7.
Fig. 7. Coupling ratio γ against center-center distance d.

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Fig. 8.
Fig. 8. Normalized spectrum of the input pulse (black) and spectrum of the pulse (red) collected after propagation through the waveguide (Ep=240 nJ, w=500 µm).

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Fig. 9.
Fig. 9. Quadratic dependence of the SHG power against the fundamental pump power.

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Tables (1)

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Table 1: Total insertion loss and propagation loss for different waveguides. The length of the waveguides is 1.78 cm. The propagation loss is obtained from either (a) insertion loss measurements or (b) Fabry-Perot method.

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Equations (1)

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α [ d B cm ] = 4.343 L ln ( R × 1 + k 1 − k )
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